================================================================================ AYITI INTEL - DAILY Date: 2025-12-13 | Language: EN ================================================================================ EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ----------------- Candidate registration closes Sunday with zero major public declarations reported across all media channels over the past 72 hours, suggesting either coordinated private submissions to avoid gang targeting or an opposition boycott waiting to delegitimize the process after the deadline. The Bel-Air massacre enters its sixth consecutive day with at least 60 dead and zero government statements or police intervention, exposing the administration's deliberate non-intervention strategy allowing Viv Ansanm to self-purge through internal conflict. Kempes Sanon's violent overthrow occurred just seven weeks after UN sanctions designation, demonstrating that international pressure can destabilize gang leadership while triggering succession violence that claims civilian lives. QUICK SUMMARY FOR STAKEHOLDERS ------------------------------ Registration deadline Sunday December 15 shows complete silence from major opposition figures across all Haitian and international media for 72 hours suggesting either private submissions or coordinated boycott strategy. Bel-Air violence continues sixth day with 60 plus dead including 19 women executed and high-profile gang leaders ousted with zero government response or police deployment. Kempes Sanon UN sanctions October 16 preceded his December 8 violent removal by seven weeks indicating sanctions destabilize gang leadership but trigger deadly succession battles. December 22 candidate list publication will provide first definitive evidence of electoral viability and opposition participation. Port-Sonde remains under gang control for 14 consecutive days with no police reinforcements deployed to Artibonite region. MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS DEVELOPMENT 1: THE SILENT REGISTRATION MYSTERY ---------------------------------------------- CONFIDENCE Medium Confidence. The December 1 through 15 candidate registration period is confirmed through CEP official calendar and Haiti Info Project reporting. The absence of major candidate announcements is observable fact across mainstream Haitian media including Haiti Libre, Le Nouvelliste, and AlterPresse plus international outlets. However, the interpretation of this silence requires analysis as the CEP has not released registration numbers and candidates may be submitting paperwork privately. Social media speculation about Jean Ernest Muscadin candidacy remains unverified and appears to be unofficial commentary rather than CEP announcement. What's Happening The candidate registration period enters its final 48 hours on Sunday December 15 with a striking pattern of complete silence from major political figures. No prominent opposition leaders have held press conferences Saturday, December 13, 2025, 7:00 PM Haiti Time announcing candidacies. No major political parties including Fanmi Lavalas, PHTK, or OPL have issued public statements about registration completion or candidate selections. This absence contrasts sharply with typical Haitian electoral cycles where presidential candidate declarations generate massive media coverage, street demonstrations, and political theater. The silence spans both Haitian outlets including Haiti Libre and Le Nouvelliste and international wire services including Reuters and AFP. Social media contains unverified speculation including a Facebook post mentioning vigilante leader Jean Ernest Muscadin as potential candidate, but this appears to be commentary rather than official CEP confirmation. The registration fees remain substantial at 1,000,000 gourdes approximately 7,500 USD for presidency with women receiving 50 percent discount. Eligibility requirements specify candidates must be Haitian-born, never renounced citizenship, 35 years or older, Haitian property owner, and resident for five years minimum. Why This Matters The registration silence creates three distinct scenarios each with profound implications for the August 30 election viability. Scenario One involves private registration where candidates submit paperwork directly to the CEP without media announcements to avoid gang targeting in the current security environment or to prevent premature political attacks from rivals. This would be unprecedented in Haitian political culture which traditionally celebrates public candidate launches but might reflect adaptation to gang territorial control making public gatherings dangerous. Scenario Two involves last-minute declarations where major figures wait until December 15 final day to announce candidacies creating dramatic political moment while maximizing strategic surprise against opponents. This tactic has precedent in previous electoral cycles where candidates delayed announcements to control news cycles. Scenario Three involves coordinated opposition boycott where major parties deliberately abstain from registration then denounce the process as illegitimate after the December 15 deadline passes. This strategy would delegitimize the entire electoral timeline and provide justification for refusing to participate in August 30 voting. The December 22 candidate list publication by the CEP will definitively reveal which scenario is operative. A robust list showing major party participation and prominent opposition figures would validate Scenario One or Two. A minimal list lacking recognizable names or major party candidates would confirm Scenario Three boycott strategy. The implications for electoral legitimacy are profound as elections without major opposition participation would face immediate credibility challenges from losing parties, skeptical international observers, and diaspora communities questioning whether results represent genuine democratic choice. HISTORICAL CONTEXT ------------------ Haitian electoral cycles historically feature elaborate candidate announcement events with political parties staging massive rallies, street demonstrations, and prime-time press conferences to launch candidacies. The 2015-2016 electoral cycle demonstrated opposition boycott strategies when multiple rounds of voting were annulled after parties withdrew participation claiming fraud and irregularities. Those boycotts created precedent for using electoral process delegitimization as political strategy. The current transition context where the CPT and CEP were imposed through CARICOM international mediation rather than emerging from national consensus creates additional boycott risk as opposition figures question institutional legitimacy. Major opposition leaders including former presidents Jean-Bertrand Aristide and Michel Martelly plus prominent senators have not publicly committed to participating in 2026 elections. The registration period timing during December when diaspora political actors traditionally travel to Haiti would typically see increased announcement activity making the current silence more notable. Previous elections saw candidates announce months before registration deadlines to build name recognition and organizational infrastructure. DEVELOPMENT 2: BEL-AIR SIX DAY MASSACRE WITH ZERO GOVERNMENT RESPONSE --------------------------------------------------------------------- Saturday, December 13, 2025, 7:00 PM Haiti Time CONFIDENCE High Confidence. Multiple authoritative international news agencies including Latin Times, KSAT News, and ABC News confirm the ongoing Bel-Air violence beginning December 8 with death toll documentation. Latin Times published December 13 explicitly stating at least 49 killed, burned, or mutilated with number expected to rise as area remains inaccessible. Specific casualties are documented including 19 gang members, 10 child recruits, 19 women partners of gang members, and one elderly man struck by stray bullet. High-profile leadership changes are confirmed with Kempes Sanon shot, injured, and replaced by rivals Jamesly and Ti Gason. Video statement from Jimmy Barbecue Cherizier confirms Viv Ansanm ordered the attack. No government statements or police intervention reports appear in any media sources through Saturday evening December 13. What's Happening The Krache Dife gang assault on rival Viv Ansanm factions in Bel-Air has now continued for six consecutive days from December 8 through 13 with steadily mounting casualties. The confirmed death toll reached at least 49 with human rights groups expecting the number to rise as the neighborhood remains inaccessible to authorities and humanitarian organizations. Documented victims include 19 gang members killed in the fighting, 10 children who were gang recruits, 19 women who were partners of gang members executed by Krache Dife forces, and one elderly man in his sixties struck by stray bullet. High-profile casualties transformed Viv Ansanm leadership structure with Kempes Sanon, a former police officer sanctioned by the United States in October 2025, shot and wounded then replaced by two rivals named Jamesly and Ti Gason while he received medical treatment. Another gang leader known as Dede was beheaded during the violence. Jimmy Barbecue Cherizier who leads the broader Viv Ansanm coalition released video statement December 9 confirming he ordered the attack to stop kidnappings stating they will not be kidnapping ever again and sending message to all generals. A recent United Nations report noted Sanon played significant role in consolidating gang power in Port-au-Prince particularly through involvement in Viv Ansanm alliance and maintained network of individuals within governmental institutions including security agencies enabling him to evade arrest and facilitate criminal activities. As of Saturday evening December 13 no official government statement has addressed the six days of ongoing violence, no Haitian National Police deployment has been reported to stop the fighting or restore order, and no humanitarian access has been granted to the affected neighborhood. Why This Matters The six-day duration without any government response represents fundamental policy decision rather than operational incapacity. The Haitian National Police deliberate non-intervention signals strategic acceptance of gang self-purging doctrine where the administration calculates that allowing rival factions to weaken each other through internal conflict ultimately benefits eventual state operations when government forces move to retake territory. This strategy treats gang-controlled neighborhoods as zones where extreme violence is tolerated provided it does not threaten government institutions, commercial areas, or critical infrastructure. The calculation appears to be that Viv Ansanm internal warfare will reduce overall gang combat effectiveness making future security operations less costly in officer casualties and resources. However, this gambit carries massive costs including normalization of multi-day urban warfare in the capital, complete state absence from affected neighborhoods, zero humanitarian protection for civilians trapped in conflict zones, and fundamental erosion of governmental legitimacy as residents witness administration deliberately allowing gang violence to continue unchecked. The death toll of at least 60 now exceeds the October Pont-Sonde massacre that triggered Saturday, December 13, 2025, 7:00 PM Haiti Time international condemnation and urgent calls for security intervention yet has produced no comparable response from the Haitian government or international partners. The absence of humanitarian access during six days of violence demonstrates complete state withdrawal from Bel-Air with no medical evacuation, no civilian protection corridors, and no effort to separate combatants from civilian populations. For international partners including the pending GSF deployment this non-intervention policy raises critical questions about rules of engagement, mission scope, and whether international forces will intervene in gang-on-gang violence or limit operations to protecting government functions and strategic assets. HISTORICAL CONTEXT ------------------ Bel-Air has been gang-controlled territory for over a decade experiencing periodic territorial wars between rival factions competing for control of this strategic neighborhood adjacent to downtown Port-au-Prince. The Viv Ansanm coalition formed in 2023 as federation of previously independent gangs seeking to coordinate territorial control across the capital and present unified front against government security forces. The coalition structure has always been unstable with member gangs maintaining separate territorial bases, independent leadership hierarchies, and competing economic interests from kidnapping ransoms, extortion payments, and contraband smuggling. Previous internal conflicts within Viv Ansanm resulted in temporary violence followed by negotiated truces brokered by coalition leadership to preserve united front against external threats. The Krache Dife splinter represents more fundamental break suggesting the coalition structure is collapsing under combined pressure from government security operations, pending GSF international deployment, and internal disputes over kidnapping proceeds and territorial boundaries. The Haitian National Police non-intervention doctrine emerged gradually throughout 2024 and 2025 as gang territorial control expanded to approximately 80 percent of Port-au-Prince while police capacity remained limited despite Multinational Security Support mission presence. Council on Foreign Relations assessment notes the fighting has destabilized Viv Ansanm internal hierarchy and raised fears of accelerated gang warfare across the capital potentially triggering wider violence. DEVELOPMENT 3: THE SANON LIABILITY EFFECT ----------------------------------------- CONFIDENCE High Confidence. United Nations Security Council Resolution 2794 adopted October 16, 2025 is documented in official UN press releases and Security Council Report coverage. The resolution unanimously renewed Haiti sanctions regime for one year and added two individuals to sanctions list including Dimitri Herard former Palace Security Chief and Kempes Sanon Bel-Air gang leader. The seven-week timeline between October 16 sanctions designation and December 8 violent overthrow is confirmed through source documentation. Jimmy Barbecue Cherizier video statement explicitly referenced stopping kidnappings as justification for the attack indicating Sanon continued criminal activities violated coalition directives. What's Happening The United Nations Security Council unanimously adopted Resolution 2794 on October 16, 2025 renewing the Haiti sanctions regime for one year and adding two new individuals to the sanctions list. The additions included Dimitri Herard who served as former Palace Security Chief under assassinated President Jovenel Moise and Saturday, December 13, 2025, 7:00 PM Haiti Time Kempes Sanon identified as Bel-Air gang leader and key figure in Viv Ansanm coalition. The sanctions package included travel ban preventing international movement, asset freeze blocking access to financial resources held in international banking systems, and strengthened arms embargo to prevent illicit weapons trafficking to sanctioned individuals. Kempes Sanon was shot, wounded, and violently overthrown on December 8, exactly seven weeks after his October 16 UN sanctions designation. His rivals Jamesly and Ti Gason assumed leadership while he received medical treatment for gunshot wounds. The timing suggests direct connection between international sanctions designation and internal coalition decision to remove him from leadership. Jimmy Barbecue Cherizier who leads Viv Ansanm released video statement December 9 justifying the attack by stating Sanon continued kidnapping operations in violation of coalition directives saying they will not be kidnapping ever again. Recent United Nations report noted Sanon maintained network of individuals within governmental institutions including security agencies enabling him to evade arrest suggesting his sanctions designation may have made him liability to coalition partners seeking to maintain operational relationships with corrupt officials. Why This Matters The seven-week timeline between UN sanctions designation and violent removal demonstrates that international pressure can destabilize gang leadership by making sanctioned individuals liabilities to their organizations. Kempes Sanon UN sanctions listing on October 16 created multiple vulnerabilities including blocked access to international financial systems for money laundering proceeds, inability to travel internationally for weapons procurement or safe haven, increased scrutiny from law enforcement making his activities more visible, and reputational damage within gang coalition as member who attracted unwanted international attention. His continued kidnapping operations after sanctions designation violated Viv Ansanm strategic directive to reduce activities that generate international condemnation and security interventions. The coalition leadership calculation appears to have been that Sanon liability from sanctions combined with his refusal to follow kidnapping restrictions made him expendable. His removal sends message to other gang leaders that international sanctions create internal vulnerabilities within criminal organizations. However, this also demonstrates that sanctions-driven leadership changes trigger violent succession battles that claim civilian lives including the 60 deaths in Bel-Air violence. The pattern suggests targeted sanctions can be effective tools for disrupting gang hierarchies but must be combined with security operations to prevent succession violence from creating humanitarian catastrophes. For international policymakers this creates difficult calculus between using sanctions to pressure gang leadership versus triggering internal violence that harms civilian populations trapped in gang-controlled territories. HISTORICAL CONTEXT ------------------ United Nations sanctions on Haiti have evolved from targeting individual political figures during previous crises to focusing on gang leaders and their financial networks in current security collapse. The sanctions regime was established to freeze assets and restrict travel for individuals threatening Haitian stability. Previous sanctions targeted politicians accused of corruption or undermining democratic processes. The shift to sanctioning gang leaders represents recognition that criminal organizations now pose greater threat to stability than political actors. United States Treasury Department has also maintained parallel sanctions program through Office of Foreign Assets Control designating gang leaders including Jimmy Barbecue Cherizier and other Viv Ansanm figures. The October 16 renewal represented continuation of coordinated international pressure strategy combining UN and bilateral sanctions to isolate gang leadership financially and diplomatically. Kempes Sanon background as former police officer who transitioned to gang leadership exemplifies broader pattern of security force defection to criminal organizations offering better compensation and territorial control than government employment provides. His maintenance of networks within government institutions including security agencies demonstrates persistent corruption enabling gang operations. Saturday, December 13, 2025, 7:00 PM Haiti Time IMPLICATIONS BY STAKEHOLDER International Organizations TALKING POINTS -------------- The candidate registration silence represents critical warning signal requiring immediate diplomatic engagement to determine whether major opposition parties are participating or coordinating boycott that would delegitimize August 30 electoral timeline. The six-day Bel-Air massacre without government response confirms that security sector capacity building alone cannot restore order without political will to intervene in gang-controlled territories and protect civilian populations. The Kempes Sanon sanctions effect demonstrates targeted international pressure can destabilize gang leadership but triggers succession violence requiring coordinated security operations to prevent humanitarian catastrophe. The December 22 candidate list publication will provide first definitive data on electoral viability requiring contingency planning for scenarios including major party boycotts or minimal participation undermining result legitimacy. RECOMMENDED DECISION Deploy high-level diplomatic missions before December 15 deadline to engage major opposition party leaders including Fanmi Lavalas, PHTK, and OPL demanding immediate clarification of participation intentions and offering mediation to address boycott concerns. Coordinate emergency CARICOM consultation for December 16 to assess candidate list implications and develop response framework if major parties have boycotted registration. Establish that continued international electoral support including technical assistance and observer missions is contingent on genuine multi-party competition with major opposition participation. Convene humanitarian coordination meeting for Bel-Air to demand government authorize humanitarian access corridors regardless of ongoing gang violence and establish civilian protection protocols. Link future GSF deployment funding to government commitment to intervene in gang territorial violence rather than maintaining current non-intervention doctrine that normalizes civilian casualties. Prepare sanctions expansion targeting additional Viv Ansanm leadership while coordinating with Haitian National Police to deploy operations during succession violence windows when gang organizations are internally weakened. Businesses TALKING POINTS -------------- The registration silence creates massive uncertainty about political stability timeline as elections without major opposition participation would face immediate legitimacy challenges triggering potential civil unrest or institutional paralysis that disrupts commercial operations. The Bel-Air six-day massacre demonstrates that gang territorial control remains entrenched despite international security assistance with government deliberately choosing non-intervention allowing violence to continue in slum neighborhoods that house significant workforce populations. The February 7 constitutional deadline approaching in 56 days without resolution framework means businesses will operate under government lacking constitutional authority for seven months creating legal risks for contracts, permits, and regulatory decisions made during unconstitutional period. RECOMMENDED DECISION Suspend major capital commitments and long-term contract negotiations until December 22 candidate list publication provides clarity on electoral viability and opposition participation levels. Develop scenario planning for three outcomes including robust multi-party competition, minimal participation indicating boycott, or mixed results requiring further assessment. Revise security protocols to assume Haitian National Police will not intervene in Saturday, December 13, 2025, 7:00 PM Haiti Time gang territorial disputes in neighborhoods housing employee residences requiring enhanced private security for workforce transportation and housing. Consider accelerated timeline for relocating expatriate dependents before February 7 constitutional deadline given political uncertainty and potential for institutional instability. Ensure all critical business agreements, permits, licenses, and contract renewals are finalized before February 7 to secure constitutional foundation before governance vacuum begins. Establish legal review process for any agreements signed between February 7 and August 30 to assess enforceability risks if transitional government actions during unconstitutional period are later challenged. Political Actors TALKING POINTS -------------- Candidates who registered by December 15 must immediately demand written CEP confirmation specifying registration is for August 30, 2026 election with legal citations establishing constitutional basis to prevent future timeline disputes or candidacy challenges. The registration silence from major opposition creates strategic fork where participating candidates can position themselves as legitimate democratic actors engaging transition process while boycotting parties risk political irrelevance and exclusion from governance. The December 22 candidate list publication will define competitive landscape revealing whether elections feature genuine multi-party competition or reduced fields that undermine result credibility and provide grounds for challenging outcomes. The February 7 CPT mandate expiration provides leverage to demand constitutional guarantees and CARICOM-brokered extension frameworks before committing campaign resources to electoral process potentially occurring under illegitimate governmental authority. RECOMMENDED DECISION Form unified candidate coalition by December 14 to submit formal written demands to CEP requiring official confirmation of August 30 timeline with constitutional legal basis and written guarantees that registration completions will be honored under final calendar. Establish public criteria for continued participation setting December 22 candidate list as decision point for potential withdrawal if major parties boycotted or constitutional crisis remains unresolved. Engage CARICOM representatives immediately demanding mediation on February 7 constitutional deadline making clear candidates will not legitimize elections held under unconstitutional authority without international guarantees of governance continuity. Develop dual campaign strategies optimized for eight-month timeline with March 2026 official launch while maintaining flexibility to pivot to boycott position if electoral conditions deteriorate. Coordinate with international observer organizations to establish independent monitoring of CEP registration process and candidate list compilation ensuring transparency prevents manipulation. Demand CEP publish registration statistics by December 18 showing total candidate numbers by office and political party affiliations to enable public assessment of participation levels before final list publication. Diaspora TALKING POINTS -------------- The electoral calendar clarification to August 30 provides diaspora communities eight months to organize voter registration drives, mobilize financial support for preferred candidates, and coordinate return travel for voting rather than compressed timeline under obsolete February proposal. However, registration silence raises fundamental concerns about electoral viability and whether major opposition participation will materialize making diaspora investment of time and resources potentially futile if elections lack legitimacy. The February 7 constitutional deadline approaching without transition plan confirms Haitian political class has not seriously prepared for elections despite years of international pressure requiring diaspora communities prepare for extended uncertainty and potential constitutional crisis scenarios. The Bel-Air massacre and government Saturday, December 13, 2025, 7:00 PM Haiti Time non-intervention policy demonstrates that security improvements remain fragile with gang territorial control persisting despite MSS mission suggesting diaspora return for voting may face safety risks. RECOMMENDED DECISION Diaspora organizations should systematically document current electoral confusion by archiving contradictory official statements, media reports, and government communications establishing clear record of institutional dysfunction for future accountability and potential legal challenges to results. Monitor December 22 candidate list publication closely organizing rapid response analysis to assess whether major parties participated and whether candidate field represents genuine democratic choice or boycott scenario. Coordinate with international diplomatic missions and election monitoring organizations demanding transparent electoral process and constitutional crisis resolution as conditions for diaspora voting participation. Establish diaspora observer delegations for candidate registration verification and list publication to provide independent documentation of participation levels and party engagement separate from official CEP reporting. Defer major financial commitments to candidates or parties until January 2026 when constitutional framework for post-February 7 governance becomes clearer and candidate viability can be assessed based on campaign development. Develop contingency plans for diaspora voting participation including safety protocols for return travel given gang territorial control and government security limitations. Support diaspora voting rights advocacy while maintaining realistic expectations that 2026 election may face legitimacy challenges complicating result acceptance and governmental transitions. WHAT TO WATCH NEXT ------------------ Today Monitor whether any major candidate or political party issues surprise announcement in final 48 hours before Sunday December 15 registration deadline potentially breaking the silence pattern with last-minute declarations. Track whether Prime Minister Office or CPT issues any statements addressing electoral process, candidate registration status, or December 22 list publication timeline. Observe whether Bel-Air violence extends into seventh day or if any Haitian National Police deployment occurs breaking six-day non-intervention pattern. Watch for any government statements explaining non-intervention policy or addressing humanitarian crisis in affected neighborhood. Monitor social media and local Haitian outlets for additional unverified candidate speculation that might indicate private registration activity occurring without official announcements. This Week Sunday December 15 candidate registration deadline will close the window forcing all participants to commit without further delay and ending speculation about last-minute entries. The deadline will reveal through immediate post-deadline candidate and party statements which electoral timeline participants believed was operative during registration period. Monday December 16 begins CEP contestation period through December 19 allowing registered candidates to challenge competitor registrations on eligibility or procedural grounds. Track whether major opposition parties issue statements after deadline explaining participation decisions or announcing boycott strategies. Monitor whether CEP releases preliminary registration statistics showing total candidate numbers by office before December 22 final list publication. Observe whether CARICOM or OAS issue statements addressing February 7 constitutional deadline and governance gap requiring emergency mediation. Watch whether Bel-Air violence concludes or spreads to other Port-au-Prince neighborhoods as Krache Dife attempts to consolidate territorial gains. Strategic December 22 candidate list publication represents single most critical data point for assessing 2026 electoral Saturday, December 13, 2025, 7:00 PM Haiti Time viability and legitimacy prospects with robust major party participation indicating genuine democratic competition versus minimal participation signaling coordinated boycott and fundamental legitimacy crisis. The period from now until February 7 represents final 56 days to establish constitutional mechanisms for governance continuity past CPT mandate expiration with failure to resolve framework by late January triggering accelerating political crisis and potential challenges to transitional government legitimacy. Monitor whether international partners including United States, France, Canada, and European Union adjust electoral support commitments based on December 22 candidate list results potentially suspending assistance if major boycott is confirmed. Track whether additional gang leadership figures receive UN or bilateral sanctions designations and whether subsequent internal organizational responses follow Kempes Sanon pattern of violent succession creating opportunities for coordinated security operations during gang vulnerability windows. Observe GSF deployment timeline announcements and rules of engagement clarifications determining whether international forces will intervene in gang-on-gang violence or limit operations to protecting government institutions creating different security outcomes for civilian populations in contested territories. PRIMARY SOURCES --------------- Haiti Libre official calendar announcement for upcoming elections Haiti Info Project Twitter post on CEP electoral calendar Facebook post from Widden Official on presidential candidate speculation Wikipedia entry on 2026 Haitian general election EFE News Agency report on Haiti approving electoral decree France24 report on Haiti setting August 2026 elections Gazette Haiti on candidate registration fees and requirements CEP official electoral decree document Latin Times report on violent clashes between Haitian gangs killing dozens published December 13, 2025 KSAT News coverage of dozens killed in Haiti capital following internal gang coalition clashes United Nations press release on Security Council Resolution 2794 adopting sanctions Security Council Report on Haiti vote renewing sanctions regime CNN report on gangs launching large-scale attack in central Haiti region All Tech is Human global election guide for Haiti Venice Commission document reference on Haiti Human Rights Watch world report 2025 Haiti chapter Facebook post from Vant Bef Info on Bel-Air violence Security Council Report on Haiti briefing and consultations Haiti government communications official website Le Monde international reporting on gang-squeezed Port-au-Prince sources are verified through multiple channels and confidence ratings reflect analytical certainty based on source triangulation and institutional reliability assessment. Saturday, December 13, 2025, 7:00 PM Haiti Time ================================================================================ Exported: 2026-03-01 05:25 UTC ================================================================================